Education
- Post-Secondary Cert <1 yr, Kettering Medical Center, 1972
- Post-Secondary Cert <1 yr, Kettering Medical Center, 1975
- Post-Secondary Cert <1 yr, Loma Linda University, 1976
- Post-Secondary Cert <1 yr, Loma Linda University, 1977
- Post-Secondary Cert <1 yr, Portland State University, 1965
- Doctor of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 1971
- Bachelor of Arts, Loma Linda University, 1967